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Hitler Youth conspiracy
The so-called Hitler Youth conspiracy was a case investigated by the Soviet secret police, during the Great Purge in the late 1930s. Essentially a theory in search of evidence, it nonetheless resulted in the arrest of numerous German teenagers and some in their twenties and beyond, who were accused of having been fascist, anti-communist members of the Hitler Youth and of working against the Soviet Union. Teenagers from the Karl Liebknecht School, from Children's Home No. 6, and adults from factories and elsewhere were arrested, tortured and imprisoned. Many were executed or died in custody. Some were the children of leading communists. Within years, the investigation was found to have been faulty and a number of the investigators were also arrested, with sentences ranging from imprisonment to execution. In the 1950s, following the death of Joseph Stalin, a new examination of the files revealed many of the accusations to have been baseless and a number of the victims were rehabilitated.
== Background ==
Beginning with the earliest history of the Soviet Union, with the Red Terror and subsequent political repression of suspected opponents of the October Revolution, there were purges〔Edvard Radzinsky, ''Stalin: The First In-depth Biography Based on Explosive New Documents from Russia's Secret Archives''. Anchor (1997), pp. 152–155. ISBN 0-385-47954-9〕 and mass repressions within the Soviet Union, as well as purges of the Communist Party, both within the Soviet Union and abroad. Waves of persecutions occurred, in which the number of those charged with being counter-revolutionary or fascist increased substantially. In his "Secret Speech", Nikita Khrushchev said that between 1936 and 1937, the number of arrests for counter-revolutionary crimes grew ten times.〔("Speech to 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U." ) Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved November 28, 2011〕
At the February–March 1937 plenary meeting of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU), there was a renewed call to purge the party of Trotskyite elements, unleashing a wave of mass terror〔 in the summer of 1937.〔Hans Schafranek, ("Kontingentierte 'Volksfeinde' und 'Agenturarbeit'" ) Internationale wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung (January 2001). Retrieved November 26, 2011 〕 The term "counter-revolutionary fascist groups" came into use within the Soviet secret police in 1938 as they carried out the purges. German members of the Executive Committee of the Communist International reported at April 28, 1938 meeting that there had been 842 arrests.〔Sergej Shurawljow, (''"Ich bitte um Arbeit in der Sowjetunion": das Schicksal deutscher Facharbeiter im Moskau der 30er Jahre'' ) Christoph Links Verlag (March 2003), p. 163. Retrieved November 26, 2011 (Note: The author's name is also spelled Sergej V. Žuravlev.) 〕
As early as 1930, the Soviet secret police, the Cheka, later the People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (NKVD), investigated teenaged Germans suspected of being members of the Hitler Youth, but these investigations preceded the Great Purge and those arrested were not given the harsh sentences of later years. Most were released before 1934.〔Walter Laqueur (2001), (pp. 171–172 ) Retrieved November 26, 2011〕 As the Great Purge swept up communist activists in massive arrests, their spouses and children were also persecuted. Some were banished to a gulag, some children were put in orphanages〔Atina Grossmann, ("German Communism and New Women" ) in: Helmut Gruber and Pamela M. Graves (eds.) ''Women and Socialism, Socialism and Women: Europe Between the Two World Wars'' (1998), pp. 159–160. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1-57181-152-4 Retrieved November 13, 2011〕 and in some cases, older children were themselves arrested and charged with anti-revolutionary activity and forming anti-revolutionary groups.〔George Anchabadze, ("Mass Terror in the USSR: The Story of One Family" ) (PDF) in: "Stalinist Terror in the South Caucasus" ''Caucasus Analytical Digest'', No. 22 (December 1, 2010), p. 15. Retrieved November 28, 2011〕 International communists living in the Soviet Union were hard hit, especially Germans, who were there in large numbers, fleeing Nazism. While German parents were rounded up, accused of espionage, this charge was not plausible for foreign children who had not been outside the Soviet Union in years.〔 Instead, they were charged with having formed a branch of the Hitler Youth.〔
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